• Quantitative phenotyping of rodent and primate behavior emerged as a core paradigm, indexing motivation, learning, and emotion through measures such as rat defecation/urination, general motivation, conditioned responses, and prenatal/embryonic behavioral trajectories [1], [7], [9], [16], [19].

• Cross-species cognitive testing linked primate and rodent problem-solving through delayed-reaction tasks, double-alternation mazes, counting, pattern discrimination, and suggestibility, framing memory, attention, and cognitive flexibility across species [3], [4], [12], [13], [17], [18].

• Reflex-oriented theory framed behavior as observable, chainable responses and dynamics, anchoring early studies in the reflex concept and systematic behavior analysis [5], [6], [14].

• Ontogeny and prenatal development were used to explain emergence of behavior across birds and mammals, integrating embryology with reflex and developmental perspectives [10], [15], [16].

• Pattern formation, cue-guided navigation, and perceptual discrimination drove early animal cognition, with maze orientation and visual cues shaping learning across species [11], [13], [20].